Biological effects of electromagnetic waves with emphasis on radio and microwave: An environmental carcinogen
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31557/apjec.2019.2.1.35-41Keywords:
Electromagnetic Waves, Microwave, Environmental Carcinogen, CancerAbstract
Human is exposed to a variety of electromagnetic fields from natural and artificial sources. These fields cause the electric field in the body to affect the movement of ions, heat, neuromuscular stimulation, and various effects. The biological effects of these waves depend strongly on the waveform, frequency and angle between the applied fields and the Earth's magnetic field, as well as their continuity or pulsation. Electromagnetic fields caused by conventional devices are at a standard level and appear to be harmless to humans. But the results of research on specific people, such as military personnel or those who live and work near radar stations, high-pressure posts and high-powered telecommunications and radio transmitters, show that they have harmful effects and live nearby they are not risk free.
References
Irgens Å, Krüger K, Skorve AH, Irgens LM. Male proportion in offspring of parents exposed to strong static and extremely low‐frequency electromagnetic fields in Norway. American journal of industrial medicine. 1997;32(5):557-61.
Miyakoshi J. Cellular and molecular responses to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2013;101(6):1494-502.
Bates MN. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: the epidemiologic evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1991;95:147-56.
Portier CJ, Wolfe MS. Assessment of health effects from exposure to power-line frequency electric and magnetic fields. NIH Publ. 1998(98-3981).
Roelof E. VII. PROPAGATION OF SOLAR COSMIC RAYS IN THE INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC FIELD. Lectures in high-energy astrophysics. 1969:111.
Durney C, Massoudi H, Iskander M. Radiofrequency radiation dosimetry handbook. Brooks Air Force Base, TX: US Air Force School of Aerospace, Medical Division; Reg. No. SAM-TR-85-73; 1985.
Polk C, Postow E. Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, -2 Volume Set: CRC press; 1995.
Poole C, Trichopoulos D. Extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields and cancer. Cancer Causes & Control. 1991;2(4):267-76.
Repacholi MH, Greenebaum B. Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living systems: health effects and research needs. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association. 1999;20(3):133-60.
Manni V, Lisi A, Rieti S, Serafino A, Ledda M, Giuliani L, et al. Low electromagnetic field (50 Hz) induces differentiation on primary human oral keratinocytes (HOK). Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;25(2):118-26.
Rajaei F, Borhani N, Sabbagh Ziarani F, Mashayekhi F. The effects of ELF-EMF on fertility and height of epithelium in mice endometrium and fallopian tube in pre-implantation stage. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2010;8(1):56-60.
Pirozzoli M, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Laconi C, Mosiello L, Negroni A. Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic field exposure on apoptosis and differentiation in a neuroblastoma cell line. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association. 2003;24(7):510-6.
Borhani N, Rajaei F, Salehi Z, Javadi A. Analysis of DNA fragmentation in mouse embryos exposed to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field. Electromagnetic biology and medicine. 2011;30(4):246-52.
Lahijani MS, Tehrani DM, SABOURI E. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies on the effects of electromagnetic fields on the liver of preincubated white Leghorn chicken embryo. Electromagnetic biology and medicine. 2009;28(4):391-413.
Hook GJ, Spitz DR, Sim JE, Higashikubo R, Baty JD, Moros EG, et al. Evaluation of parameters of oxidative stress after in vitro exposure to FMCW-and CDMA-modulated radiofrequency radiation fields. Radiation research. 2004;162(5):497-504.
Dachà M, Accorsi A, Pierotti C, Vetrano F, Mantovani R, Guidi G, et al. Studies on the possible biological effects of 50 Hz electric and/or magnetic fields: Evaluation of some glycolytic enzymes, glycolytic flux, energy and oxido‐reductive potentials in human erythrocytes exposed in vitro to power frequency fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 1993;14(4):383-91.
Yokus B, Cakir DU, Akdag MZ, Sert C, Mete N. Oxidative DNA damage in rats exposed to extremely low frequency electro magnetic fields. Free Radical Research. 2005;39(3):317-23.
Stopczyk D, Gnitecki W, Buczyński A, Markuszewski L, Buczyński J. Effect of electromagnetic field produced by mobile phones on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) and the level of malonyldialdehyde (MDA)--in vitro study. Medycyna pracy. 2002;53(4):311-4.
Battin EE, Brumaghim JL. Antioxidant activity of sulfur and selenium: a review of reactive oxygen species scavenging, glutathione peroxidase, and metal-binding antioxidant mechanisms. Cell biochemistry and biophysics. 2009;55(1):1-23.
El-desoky ME-H, Mohamady M. Ultrastructural Studies On The Effect Of Electromagnetic Field On The Liver Of Albino Rats (Rattus Norvegicus). Journal of American Science. 2011;7(2):154-65.
Manikowska-Czerska E, Czerskl P, Leach W. Effects of 2.45 GHz microwaves on meiotic chromosomes of male CBA/CAY mice. Journal of Heredity. 1985;76(1):71-3.
Sedghi H, Zare S, Hayatgeibi H, Alivandi S, Ebadi A. Effects of 50 HZ magnetic field on some factors of immune system in the male guinea pigs. Am J Immunol. 2005;1(1):37-41.
ALIVANDI FARKHAD S, ZARE S, HAYAT GHEYBI H. EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON KIDNEY IN GUINEA PIGS. THE JOURNAL OF URMIA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCINCES. 2008;19(2 (SUPPLEMENT)):-.
Verma A, Berger JR. ALS syndrome in patients with HIV-1 infection. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2006;240(1-2):59-64.
Barcal J, Cendelín J, Vožeh F, Žalud V. Effect of whole-body exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic field on the brain electrogeny in neurodefective and healthy mice. Prague medical report. 2005;106(1):91-100.
Otto M, von Mühlendahl KE. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2007;210(5):635-44.
Şükrü Ö, Onural AŞ, Çömlekçi S, Çerezci O. Experimental Determination of Heat Rise and SAR Occured by 900 MHz EM Radiation on Human Brain by Using Brain Phantom Model. Gazi University Journal Of Science. 2004;17(3):127-32.
Osepchuk JM. Biological effects of electromagnetic radiation. JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158, USA 1983. 1983.
Ozturan O, Erdem T, Miman MC, Kalcioglu MT, Oncel Sh. Effects of the electromagnetic field of mobile telephones on hearing. Acta oto-laryngologica. 2002;122(3):289-93.
Uloziene I, Uloza V, Gradauskiene E, Saferis V. Assessment of potential effects of the electromagnetic fields of mobile phones on hearing. BMC public health. 2005;5(1):39.
Arendash GW, Sanchez-Ramos J, Mori T, Mamcarz M, Lin X, Runfeldt M, et al. Electromagnetic field treatment protects against and reverses cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease mice. Journal of Alzheimer's disease. 2010;19(1):191-210.
Jung H, Lee S, Kim J, Lee K, Chung Y. Quantitative electroencephalography and low resolution electromagnetic tomography imaging of Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatry Investigation. 2007;4(1):31.
Wdowiak A, Wdowiak L, Wiktor H. Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2007;14(1).
Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductive pattern in male Wistar rats. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2011;164(4):546-59.
Bhat MA. Effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by mobile phones on male fertility. Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems. 2013;4(3):51-64.
Vecchia P. Exposure of humans to electromagnetic fields. Standards and regulations. ANNALI-ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITA. 2007;43(3):260.
Yari S, Asadi AF, Nourmohammadi M. Occupational and Environmental Cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer. 2018;1(1).
Yari S, Asadi AF, Jarrahi AM, Nourmohammadi M. CARcinogen EXposure: CAREX. Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer. 2018;1(1).
Juutilainen J, Läärä E, Pukkala E. Incidence of leukaemia and brain tumours in Finnish workers exposed to ELF magnetic fields. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 1990;62(4):289-93.
Cartwright R. Low frequency alternating electromagnetic fields and leukaemia: the saga so far. British journal of cancer. 1989;60(5):649.
Ghannad H, Asgari A. Training in electric welding and gas welding. Tehran: Safar Publisher; 2002.
Davis DL, Axelrod D, Bailey L, Gaynor M, Sasco AJ. Rethinking breast cancer risk and the environment: the case for the precautionary principle. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1998;106(9):523-9.
Brainard GC, Kavet R, Kheifets LI. The relationship between electromagnetic field and light exposures to melatonin and breast cancer risk: a review of the relevant literature. Journal of Pineal Research. 1999;26(2):65-100.
Sun J-W, Li X-R, Gao H-Y, Yin J-Y, Qin Q, Nie S-F, et al. Electromagnetic field exposure and male breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 18 studies. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2013;14(1):523-8.
Gurney JG, van Wijngaarden E. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) and brain cancer in adults and children: review and comment. Neuro-oncology. 1999;1(3):212-20.
NRPB E. Electromagnetic Fields and the Risk of Cancer. Report of an Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation NRPB. 2001;12:1-179.
Joseph W, Verloock L, Martens L. Measurements of ELF electromagnetic exposure of the general public from Belgian power distribution substations. Health physics. 2008;94(1):57-66.
Straume A, Johnsson A, Oftedal G. ELF‐magnetic flux densities measured in a city environment in summer and winter. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association. 2008;29(1):20-8.
Keikko T, Seesvuori R, Valkealahti S. Exposure to magnetic field harmonics in the vicinity of indoor distribution substations. Health physics. 2006;91(6):574-81.
Safigianni AS, Tsompanidou CG. Measurements of electric and magnetic fields due to the operation of indoor power distribution substations. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 2005;20(3):1800-5.
Paniagua JM, Jiménez A, Rufo M, Antolín A. Exposure assessment of ELF magnetic fields in urban environments in Extremadura (Spain). Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;25(1):58-62.
Korpinen L, Isokorpi J, Keikko T, editors. Electric and magnetic fields from electric power systems in living and work environment. Proceedings of High Voltage Engineering Symposium Piscataway, NJ: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc; 1999: IET.
Fereshteh Sadat M, Zahra S, Zohreh K, Siyahcheshm ZM. Measurement of electromagnetic waves in a number of parks in Tehran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Bioengineering. 2014;00(57):69-74.
3.jpg)
