(ii) current health care system favours hospital-based cancer care and (iii) expectations towards integration of cancer care into primary care.
Globally, there is an increase in newly diagnosed cancer patients and cancer survivors as a result of growing and aging population, and technological advances in cancer care [1-2]. Conventional hospital based cancer care causes a significant burden on tertiary care, yet it is unclear whether it provides early diagnosis of recurrence and improve survival [3]. Meanwhile, primary care is increasingly promoted by governments worldwide as the preferred place for cancer care, due to health care costs and patients’ preferences [4]. Evidence is emerging that there are no differences in cancer patients’ overall well-being, recurrence rates, survival between primary and hospital-based follow up, with primary care found to be more cost-effective [5-6].
Integrated cancer care between primary and tertiary care settings is recently evidenced as a successful model of care. Indeed, integrated follow up in primary care for people with breast and colorectal cancers showed high patient satisfaction and no adverse outcomes [7-8]. A study assessing general practitioners’ (GP) attitudes toward follow-up after cancer treatment showed that they felt confident in doing so and would like to contribute to long-term care of cancer patients [9]. Meanwhile, patients had also reported their views for greater involvement of GPs in all aspects of their cancer care [10] and cancer survivors had shown satisfaction with primary care delivery [11]. It has been predicted that integrated cancer care may save up to 75% of health care costs [12].
In Brunei, cancer has been the leading cause of mortality from 2009 to 2017, with 19.3% of deaths in 2017 [13]. At this stage, cancer patients’ expectations on integrating cancer care into local primary care settings are not yet known. This study reports cancer patients’ experiences, preferences, and expectations towards the integration of cancer care in primary care in Brunei.
We adopted a qualitative approach and considered that semi-structured in-depth interviews with cancer patients were the most appropriate research technique to capture our research aims. Cancer patients aged between 18 and 80 years old attending the oncology outpatient clinic in the main hospital in Brunei undergoing either active treatment, palliative care, or in remission, were included in the study. Following ethical approval, nurses working in the oncology clinic approached eligible patients. Patients who agreed to participate were given a participant information sheet and further explanation about the study by the main researcher (SMC) and were interviewed at an agreed date, time and location.
Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted between February to November 2017 with thirteen participants. An interview guide (Table 1) derived from literature review and consensus of research team was developed with a view to obtain participants’ experiences, views and expectations towards their cancer care in primary care. We operationally defined cancer care as care provided when patients were receiving diagnosis, referral, active treatment, palliative care and related follow-up care in cancer.
| Interview guide | Questions |
| Experiences | ·How were you diagnosed with cancer? |
| ·When did you last see the GP regarding your concerns related to cancer? | |
| ·Were there any problems in seeing the GP regarding your cancer? | |
| Views | ·Do you think the GP can detect your cancer early? |
| ·How do you think the GP can be involved in your care? | |
| ·Do you think the GP can look after cancer patients? Are there challenges in this? | |
| ·Would you like the GP to know if you are admitted in hospital? How could this information help? | |
| ·How can hospital doctors and GPs work together to help cancer patients? | |
| Expectations | ·Are there any areas where you would like your case to be taken over by the GP rather than the hospital? |
|
·What kinds of support would be most useful/beneficial for you and other patients with cancer, which can be provided by primary care? |
SMC, the main researcher, was guided by a senior investigator (MRV), with vast experience in conducting and analysing interviews on cancer-sensitive topics. The interviews lasted between 22 to 60 minutes and were conducted in private rooms at various places - health centres, oncology clinic, the university where the researchers were based, participants’ home and participants’ workplace as per mutually agreed. As the questions asked may be sensitive to participants, necessary steps were taken to ensure that participants felt comfortable and were reassured about confidentiality and anonymity. All forms of communication with participants were conducted in a supportive way and appropriate empathic responses were used to acknowledge their distress. We followed the principles of qualitative research [14] and ended further interviews when data saturation was reached at the 13th interview.
The interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis [15]. Firstly, the transcripts were read to get an immersion into the interview data. Subsequently, initial codes were developed; the coded units which represented the different aspects of participants’ experiences, preferences, and expectations towards integration of cancer care in primary care settings were identified. The coded data was compiled under wider subthemes, which were compared to the original transcripts for consistency and contextual verification. Consequently, the contents in each subtheme were summarised, which generalised the descriptions concerning the research topic. SMC and MRV coded the data together and agreed on the final themes. An audit trial was performed by SMC and MRV to enhance trustworthiness of the study.
The study was approved by the Ministry of Health Research and Ethics Committee and Ethics committee of PAPRSB Institute of Health, Universiti Brunei Darussalam (UBD/IHS/B3/8).
The general characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 2. There were ten females and three males of median age 50 years. The most prevalent cancers were lung and breast. Most were diagnosed with cancer within the last 5 years.
| Participant | Sex | Age | Profession | Education | Year of cancer diagnosis | Location of cancer | Treatment |
| P1 | F | 35 | Housewife | High school | 2009 | Brain | Surgery, radiotherapy |
| P2 | M | 40 | Police | High school | 2014 | Colorectal | Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy |
| P3 | M | 62 | Retired | University | 2009 | Lung | Radiotherapy, chemotherapy |
| P4 | F | 67 | Retired | High school | 2016 | Lung | Chemotherapy |
| P5 | F | 63 | Housewife | High school | 2008 | Lymphoma | Chemotherapy |
| P6 | F | 47 | Self-employed | Primary school | 2009 | Breast | Surgery, hormonal therapy |
| P7 | F | 50 | Teacher | University | 2013 | Rectal | Surgery, chemotherapy |
| P8 | F | 55 | Housewife | High school | 2016 | Lung | Patient refused treatment |
| P9 | F | 68 | Housewife | High school | 2016 | Breast | Hormonal therapy |
| P10 | F | 51 | Operator | High school | 2000, 2014 | Thyroid, liver | Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy |
| P11 | F | 48 | Dental nurse | University | 2014 | Breast | Surgery, chemotherapy |
| P12 | M | 26 | Officer | High school | 2016 | Brain | Radiotherapy, chemotherapy |
| P13 | F | 42 | Cleaner | High school | 2014 | Liver | Surgery |
Data analysis led to three main themes of participants’ range of perspectives on primary care-based cancer care: (i) perceived challenges for providing cancer care at primary care settings, (ii) current health care system favours hospital-based cancer care and (iii) expectations towards integration of cancer care into primary care, further explained below.
Most participants regarded cancer as a specialised area requiring specialist knowledge, thus their care would be most appropriately followed up in a hospital setting than in primary care. Participant 6 questioned the ability of cancer care at the primary care, as described below:
A few participants felt that hospital physicians would do more thorough investigations instead of the GP, as questioned by Participant 10:
A few participants presented to the GP repeatedly with the same complaint. However, the symptoms of cancer were disregarded by the GPs and participants did not agree with the diagnosis, as illustrated by Participant 13:
Participants also reported that the GPs lacked knowledge and skills of managing cancer. As a result, they felt that follow up in the hospital setting would be more ideal, as illustrated by Participant 11:
On the other hand, we also found overall positive experiences from participants who were satisfied with the services provided in the primary care. Participant 7 stated that she was referred promptly to the hospital for further evaluation of the possibility of cancer:
Some participants agreed that utilising primary care would reduce patient load at acute hospital. Participant 7 reported that cancer care at primary care settings would provide more choice of doctors than a specialist doctor at acute hospital, hence, cancer care should be ‘delegated.’
Most of the participants reported the benefits of a primary care-based cancer care would include care closer to home, convenience, availability of doctors, and less waiting time.
Participants reported that current cancer care pathway mainly favours hospitals than primary care. Currently in Brunei, patients who were referred from primary care for further evaluation of possibility of cancer diagnosis would continue to be cared for by the hospital physician from diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance phases. This lead to cancer patients approaching the hospital physicians only for any cancer-related issues instead of their GPs who were not engaged in any aspects of their cancer care, as mentioned by Participant 2:
Some preferred a hospital-based cancer care pathway as they felt more comfortable talking to the same physicians whom they were already familiar with since their cancer diagnosis.
Participants also reported other system errors such as the availability of cancer medications only in tertiary hospital, and inflexible and rigid working hours of primary care confined to the normal working hours. These system factors favoured more towards hospital settings to provide cancer care, as illustrated by Participants 2 and 9:
It was clear in most participants’ discussions that they were open to the concept of primary care-based cancer care, and that cancer care should not be based only in the hospital setting. Indeed, participants suggested possible ways for integration between primary and secondary care. For example, participant 4 commented on ‘oncologist coming to the health centre’. Apart from that, participant 12 felt that ‘there should be constant communication between GPs and hospital physicians’.
Participant 10 reported that she would prefer to see the hospital physician occasionally still while GPs could do the more regular routine follow up. In order for this to take place, both doctors from the primary and secondary care should be working together.
As of now, patients in primary care settings may not necessarily see the same GPs, which may lead to unfamiliarity of cases and needing the patients to explain what had happened, as commented by Participant 10:
In order to overcome this issue, there has been a suggestion of ‘seeing the same doctor’ in primary care so to avoid confusion as different doctors would have different approaches to management plans, as illustrated by Participant 13:
Many existing studies on primary-based cancer care have reported cancer patients’ attitudes, health behaviours, preferences and perspectives [16-19], whereas our study focused on cancer patients’ experiences and expectations towards integrated cancer care in primary care.
Firstly, inconsistent assessment and diagnostic procedures among GPs seems to frustrate cancer patients, hence leading to multiple visits to primary care. The National Cancer Diagnosis Audit in the United Kingdom showed that 26% of patients had three or more GP consultations before being referred to hospital care for further evaluation [20]. Lyratzopoulos et al.[21] showed that some patients experienced multiple consultations leading to prolong intervals to specialist referral and assessment for suspected cancer. Mendonca et al. [22] also reported 40% of patients who had multiple GP consultations were not satisfied with how hospital physicians and GPs collaborate. Cancer diagnosis remains challenging in primary care as cancer patients present to GPs without any cancer alarming symptoms as shown in a study by Jensen et al. [23]. In the United Kingdom, cancer care two-week wait referral pathways aim to improve patients’ satisfaction, reduce waiting times to be seen by specialists, and earlier diagnosis, which would result in better prognosis of patients [24]. Yet, there is no evidence available on development and test of integrated cancer care pathway for assessment, diagnosis and referral of suspected cancer.
Misperceptions about primary care-based cancer care as an avenue for ‘minor illness’ management among cancer patients often limit integration of cancer care in primary care settings [25]. Our study participants believed that their cancer care would require a specialists’ expertise of cancer, of which GPs do not acquire. Hence, they reported their refusal to visit primary care as the GPs would still refer them to hospital eventually, similar to a Danish study [26]. Patients expressed strong preferences for quick diagnostic evaluation after initial presentation to GPs and would choose to undergo investigations for suspected cancer even if their risk was as low as 1% [27]. In contrast, GPs in other studies reported that they valued their role as gatekeeper and perceived their skills as being able to identify patients who needed further work up and referral to hospital from those who were able to manage in primary care [28]. Public awareness interventions on role of GPs in cancer care may challenge such misperceptions. In view of the increasing cancer survival rates, managing cancer patients in the primary care has been identified as a key element for future-effective and cost-effective cancer care [29]. Participants reported that cancer care tasks from hospital could be delegated to primary care. Indeed, the roles of primary care-based cancer care are also widely accepted by cancer survivors, similar to many studies [5]. Participants also reported care closer to home, and easy accessibility of GPs, as advantages of integrated cancer care in primary care [4-30]. Yet, lack of cancer diagnostic skills, limited education, knowledge and skills, experience, and available time of GPs were perceived barriers by patients for primary- based cancer care [26]. Mao et al. reported that half of the patients with breast cancers had concerns about GPs’ ability to address patients’ cancer-specific issues [31]. In another qualitative study, cancer patients did not see their GPs, because they felt that the GPs were too busy or to be lacking in oncology knowledge [32].
In the current tertiary-based cancer care centre in Brunei, similar to many countries, cancer patients seem to lose their follow up by GPs [33]. Another possible explanation may be because in developing countries, cancer patients are still traditionally followed up in hospital setting, as compared to developed countries, whereby there is already a gradual shift of cancer care from secondary to primary care settings [34]. Patients in our studies, similar to other studies, prefer doctors whom they are most familiar with, and who oversaw them during their active cancer treatment [35]. This could be due to the strong relationship built between the patients and hospital physicians during patients’ active treatment [31-32]. Therefore, the current structure of cancer care has led our participants to approach the hospital for their cancer care instead of attending primary care.
In contrast, other studies reported that patients who were already receiving cancer follow-up from their GPs were satisfied with the care provided and did not report any drawbacks [25-31]. For example, Nyarko et al. [11] reported high satisfaction rates on primary care delivery among cancer survivors. Hence, integrated pathways should empower earlier involvement of GPs during the active cancer treatment stage that may increase patients’ confidence in primary care-based follow-up. The participants in our study also discussed about the inflexibility of opening hours of primary care. Similarly, many patients also felt that it was difficult to approach GPs after office hours [36]. In fact, a study by Borgsteede et al. [37] reported the main factor for effective out of hours cancer care is the accessibility of GPs and nursing support. Our study provided evidence for participants’ acceptance towards integrated cancer care at primary care settings, conditional in having clear roles and responsibilities of GPs and hospital physicians, effective communication between GPs and hospital physicians, guidance on follow-up protocols and common treatments, knowledgeable GPs in cancer care and rapid access to specialists [26]. Indeed, such integrated care with GPs and hospital physicians show no adverse outcomes in patients with bowel and breast cancers and can provide high patient satisfaction rates [7-8]. On the other hand, our study also showed that GPs were unfamiliar with their cases leading to poor satisfaction and frustration among cancer patients in primary care. This is similar to studies by Thind et al. [25] and Roorda et al. [26], which reported lack of GPs’ knowledge on patients’ histories was regarded as a disadvantage.
To overcome such inconsistent approach, patients valued and preferred to be followed up by the same care provider at each visit because of the established doctor-patient relationship as well as physicians’ knowledge and familiarity on the patients’ histories [33-35]. Seeing the same GPs would also cause less confusion in management plans and also remain as effective way of securing good information, thus enable GPs to provide seamless care along the entire cancer care spectrum [38]. Continuity of cancer care would result in better communication, stronger relationship between GPs and patients, allow patients to cope better, enhance patient access to care, and improve overall experiences for cancer patients [39].
This study was not without limitations. Firstly, as many had their cancer diagnosis more than 5 years ago, there may be recall bias as information provided was relied on what participants reported and might had affected the accuracy of recalling the actual experiences. Secondly, the interviewer was a GP who may influence the participants’ views, despite our reassurance.
In conclusion, this study adds to the growing existing evidence base looking at factors and barriers of integrating cancer care in primary care. We found that our cancer patients were receptive to the idea for cancer care to be integrated in primary care. However, in order for this to take place, it is important to ensure established communication channels between GPs and hospital physicians, deeper understanding of cancer cases among GPs, improved cancer care knowledge and experience of GPs, and consulting the same GPs to provide continuity of care, as factors that enable quality cancer care at primary care settings in Brunei. Thus, policy makers should incorporate these elements of integration in the implementation of cancer care into primary care, especially for Brunei before we are ready to integrate a primary care cancer care. Furthermore, future research needs to address GPs’ knowledge gaps in cancer care and to explore development and test of integrated cancer care pathways in primary care settings.
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the nurses working in the outpatient clinics of the Oncology Department of Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital who assisted in the recruitment process of patients.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for- profit sectors. The authors declare no conflict of interest.