Introduction
Thyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system [1-3], with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) being the most prevalent subtype of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) [1, 2], It generally carries a favorable prognosis, particularly when managed with total thyroidectomy followed by adjuvant radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy [4]. Despite definitive surgery, residual thyroid tissue may remain, necessitating ablation for optimal disease control [5, 6]. In this context, serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is widely recognized as a reliable tumor marker to evaluate the presence of remnant tissue or recurrent disease [7-9]. Similarly, antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) are increasingly studied for their potential prognostic implications, particularly in patients whose Tg measurements are unreliable due to antibody interference [10].
Although Tg dynamics post-RAI have been extensively studied, the behavior of TgAb remains less understood. Prior studies have suggested that a declining TgAb trend may indicate favorable prognosis, yet the clinical value of persistently positive TgAb remains unclear [11, 12]. Moreover, variations in assay methods, patient populations, and timing of post-therapy evaluation have contributed to inconsistencies in existing literature.
This study addresses a regional knowledge gap by examining Tg and TgAb dynamics in Indonesian PTC patients, a population that is underrepresented in global datasets. We also emphasize early Tg and TgAb responses within one-month post-RAI, a time frame less frequently analyzed in prior studies. Importantly, we explore whether preablation Tg levels can serve as a short-term predictor of ablation success, and whether TgAb status offers meaningful insight in this early period.
The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of RAI therapy based on early biomarker changes and to determine the prognostic value of Tg and TgAb levels in a cohort from Indonesia.
Materials and Methods
<italic id="italic-1">Study Design<italic id="italic-2"/></italic>
This study was a prospective observational cohort conducted at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital, Samarinda, Indonesia, from June 2018 to February 2021. The study aimed to analyze the dynamics of Tg and TgAb in post- thyroidectomy PTC patients receiving standardized RAI therapy.
<italic id="italic-3">Participants<italic id="italic-4"/></italic>
Eligible participants were adults (≥18 years) with histopathologically confirmed PTC who had undergone total thyroidectomy and received at least one cycle of RAI therapy. Exclusion criteria included the presence of distant metastases or any diagnosed autoimmune disease prior to surgery, to reduce confounding effects on TgAb levels.
<italic id="italic-5">Sample Size Justification<italic id="italic-6"/></italic>
A total of 76 patients were initially enrolled based on a sample size calculation using the Slovin formula [13-15]. Following the exclusion of cases with incomplete data, 51 subjects were included in the final analysis.
<italic id="italic-7">Intervention Protocol<italic id="italic-8"/></italic>
Following total thyroidectomy, patients received suppressive levothyroxine therapy, which was withdrawn four weeks prior to RAI to allow for TSH elevation. Thyroid scintigraphy with I-131 was performed to confirm adequate uptake. A standardized dose of 85 mCi sodium iodide (I-131) was then administered. Serum Tg and TgAb levels were assessed twice: at baseline (preablation) and at one month post-RAI.
<italic id="italic-9">Time Interval Consideration<italic id="italic-10"/></italic>
Tg and TgAb levels were reassessed one month post- ablation to capture early biochemical changes. While longer follow-up may better reflect long-term remission, early post-RAI trends can still offer valuable insight into short-term therapeutic response, as supported by prior literature.
<italic id="italic-63f55fabb7f8899b6f7330e69b9f38f7">Biomarker Measurement<italic id="italic-609bc54f95e6f63ecb6522ad3f5ae16b"/></italic>
Tg and TgAb were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The assay sensitivity was 0.04 ng/mL for Tg and detectable up to 5000 ng/mL; for TgAb, the assay range was 0–4000 IU/mL, with values >115 IU/mL considered positive. Although thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were not consistently available across all patients, levothyroxine withdrawal and clinical monitoring ensured an appropriate hypothyroid state prior to RAI administration.
<italic id="italic-e1176a1daae24bb81fd0a62eaf7be7dc">Data Handling and Validation<italic id="italic-c6eb3eb9eef61428b7fc3e331c638c3f"/></italic>
Data were collected and initially entered using Microsoft Excel 2010. To ensure data integrity and minimize transcription errors, double data entry was performed independently by two trained data clerks. Discrepancies were resolved through cross-checking against the original clinical records. Statistical analyses were subsequently performed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Chicago, IL, USA).
<italic id="italic-4d3f4627e979fa1f883727d48427de6b">Statistical Analysis<italic id="italic-a95cdd16e34408afa2cfd260890496ec"/></italic>
Continuous variables were evaluated for normality and are presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) or medians where appropriate. Tg levels were categorized into three groups: <1 ng/mL, 1–10 ng/mL, and >10 ng/ mL. TgAb status was categorized as positive or negative. Categorical data were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Correlations between pre- and postablation Tg levels were assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Discussion
The findings of this study reinforce the role of Tg as a reliable biomarker in evaluating the early biochemical response following RAI therapy in patients with PTC. As observed in this cohort, preablation Tg levels were significantly correlated with postablation Tg outcomes, consistent with the findings of Kim et al. [16], who reported that elevated pre-Tg was predictive of persistent disease. The utility of Tg as an early indicator of ablation efficacy is further supported by studies that suggest threshold values such as 6 ng/mL or 10 ng/mL may inform post-therapy risk stratification [17, 18].
The present study observed no statistically significant association between TgAb status and postablation Tg levels, echoing the findings of Dewi et al. and Kim et al. [19, 20], who noted that TgAb may persist for months even years after successful ablation. These persistent antibodies are not necessarily indicative of treatment failure but may reflect immunologic memory or slow clearance. Notably, all TgAb-positive patients in our cohort remained positive at one month post-RAI, underscoring the limited value of TgAb as a short-term response marker.
One limitation of our study lies in the timing of postablation biomarker measurement, which was conducted at one month. While this early window was chosen to evaluate short-term dynamics, some studies suggest that Tg and TgAb levels stabilize more reliably at 3–6 months post-RAI [20-23]. Thus, interpretation of short-term values must be made cautiously, and longitudinal monitoring remains essential in confirming disease status or remission.
In terms of clinical application, our findings support the use of preablation Tg as a prognostic marker, which may help clinicians identify patients at higher risk of incomplete ablation. Conversely, the lack of early TgAb decline should not be interpreted as treatment failure, particularly within the first few months post-therapy. Follow-up protocols may benefit from delaying reliance on TgAb kinetics until a later stage in the surveillance timeline. For TgAb-positive patients, clinicians should consider adjunct imaging or alternate surveillance markers, especially given the possibility of assay interference. Immunometric assays, such as ELISA and IRMA, are known to underestimate Tg in the presence of TgAb, potentially resulting in falsely low Tg values and underestimation of disease burden [19, 20].
Although formal ATA risk stratification was not part of the original study design, we performed a post hoc assessment using available tumor size, lymph node status, and histopathological features. The majority of patients in our cohort would likely fall under the low-risk ATA category, as most had T1 tumors with no nodal involvement. Our findings, particularly the strong correlation between preablation and postablation Tg levels in these patients are consistent with previous studies reporting favorable outcomes in low-risk PTC patients. However, due to the small number of patients with higher-stage disease, the prognostic implications of Tg and TgAb dynamics across ATA risk levels could not be robustly compared. Future studies with stratified cohorts are warranted to validate risk-based differences in early biomarker response.
This study has several important limitations. First, the relatively small sample size (n = 51) may reduce the statistical power to detect meaningful differences, especially in subgroup analyses. Second, while an exploratory multivariate analysis was attempted, a comprehensive risk-adjusted model could not be fully implemented due to missing data on key variables such as TSH levels and RAI dose standardization. Third, limited detail was provided on the analytical performance of the Tg assay, such as its sensitivity, functional detection limit, and inter-assay variability, which may affect the interpretability and reproducibility of Tg measurements. Additionally, potential confounding factors, including variations in TSH stimulation and adequacy of RAI dosing, were not fully accounted for and could have influenced the biomarker responses observed.
Despite these constraints, this study adds valuable insight by presenting early Tg and TgAb dynamics in Indonesia PTC cohort, a population that remains underrepresented in existing literature. It highlights the importance of individualized interpretation of biomarker trends and the limitations of relying solely on antibody kinetics in early surveillance. Future studies should aim for larger, multicenter cohorts with serial follow-up to validate these early findings and better define optimal timelines for clinical decision-making.
In conclusion, preablation Tg levels were significantly associated with postablation Tg outcomes, indicating their value as early predictors of RAI therapy response in PTC. In contrast, TgAb remained persistently positive and showed no correlation with postablation Tg, limiting their short-term prognostic utility. These findings are limited by the small sample size, short follow-up interval, and potential assay interference in TgAb-positive patients. Further studies with larger cohorts and longer follow-up are needed to confirm these results and guide clinical decision-making.
Competing interests
No competing interests were reported.
Funding
Self-funding
Ethics approval
The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie, Samarinda, Indonesia, number: No: 270/KEPK-AWS/I/2021. We promised that the participants’ data were anonymized or maintained with confidentiality, the rights or interests of participants were not invaded, and informed consent was taken from all individual participants.